CANCER does not always announce itself through obvious symptoms and clear signs.
In fact, many people only receive a diagnosis during routine medical examinations or investigations for other health issues.
GettyBreast screening uses an X-ray test called a mammogram that can spot cancers when they’re too small to see or feel[/caption]
This is because many forms of the disease lurk silently in the early stages.
But detecting cancer during this ‘silent phase’ can be key in ensuring a better chance of survival, explained Professor Justin Stebbing, a biomedical sciences expert from Anglia Ruskin University.
“While even silent cancers can sometimes be aggressive and advance rapidly, they can also remain dormant for years or even decades,” he wrote in the Conversation.
“Some prostate, breast and thyroid cancers, for example, often evolve slowly without obvious symptoms or spreading beyond the original area.
“Fortunately, in many countries including the UK, we have screening tests for diseases like breast or colon cancer, to increase early diagnoses.”
Screening tools are a blessing for finding cancer earlier than waiting for symptoms.
“Identifying cancer at an early stage means the disease is confined to its site of origin, smaller and potentially easier to cure,” Prof Stebbing said.
“Diagnosing a smaller cancer often means that if an operation is needed, it may be a less invasive surgery.
“There may also be a lower chance of needing post-operative preventative chemotherapy, to mop up any residual cells.”
The tests you need to know about
There are three free NHS cancer screening programmes that can help to catch certain forms of disease earlier.
They are made available to people at different ages, when the disease is more likely to emerge.
So, which cancer tests should you be having – and asking for?
For cervical cancer
Cervical screening is offered to all women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 64 to check the health of cells in the cervix, the opening between the vagina and womb.
It is offered every three years for those aged 25 to 49, and every five years from the ages of 50 to 64.
As part of the screening, the cervix is tested for human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes nearly all cervical cancers.
HPV is a very common virus which effects around eight in ten people.
Approximately 3,200 people are diagnosed with cervical cancer in the UK and about 850 people succumb to the disease every year.
Symptoms
Bleeding between periods, after sex or after the menopause
Pain during sex or in your pelvic area
For breast cancer
About one in seven women in the UK are diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime.
If it’s detected early, treatment is more successful and there’s a good chance of recovery.
Breast screening uses an X-ray test called a mammogram that can spot cancers when they’re too small to see or feel.
They are offered to women aged 50 to 70 to detect early signs of breast cancer.
Women over 70 can also self-refer.
Symptoms:
A lump (although 90 per cent of breast lumps aren’t cancer)
Thickening in the breast tissue
A change in breast size or shape
Bloody discharge from the nipple
Puckering
Dimpling
A rash on the skin around the breast
Nipple changes
A lump or swelling in your armpit
For bowel cancer
Bowel cancer is the UK’s second deadliest cancer, claiming 16,500 lives each year.
But survival rates are improving, having more than doubled in the last 40 years in the UK.
If diagnosed early, more than 90 per cent of bowel cancer cases can be treated successfully, according to Cancer Research UK.
Everyone aged 60 to 74 is offered a bowel cancer screening home test kit every two years, thanks to The Sun’s No Time 2 Lose campaign, spearheaded by the late Dame Deborah James.
Everyone aged 60 to 74 years who is registered with a GP and lives in England is automatically sent an NHS bowel cancer screening kit every two years.
Symptoms:
Bleeding from your bottom
Oersistent change in bowel habits
Unexplained weight loss
Tiredness
A pain or lump in your stomach
Other tests
There is currently no nationwide screening because there isn’t a reliable prostate cancer test yet.
But of you are worried about your risk of prostate cancer, you can take Prostate Cancer UK’s 30-second risk-checker test here.
There is also no national lung cancer screening programme.
However, since Autumn 2019 the NHS has offered a new service called Lung Health Checks in some areas of England.
If you live in an area where they are taking place, you will receive an invitation if all of the following apply to you:
Are over 55 but younger than 75 years old (60 to 74 in Wales)
Are registered with a GP (selected GP surgeries in the Rhondda area in Wales)
Have ever smoked
Other symptoms to know
Although some cancers don’t show any symptoms for some time, other symptoms which do emerge can be vague and easily mistaken for benign issues.
“Fatigue, unexplained weight loss and persistent pain are among the nonspecific symptoms that may signal an underlying malignancy,” Professor Justin said.
“But such symptoms can be misinterpreted or easily dismissed, which contributes to delayed diagnosis and treatment.”
It’s important to be aware of what is normal for you and speak to your doctor if you notice any unusual changes or something that won’t go away.
The 7 simple ways to help prevent cancer
Here are seven simple lifestyle tweaks could slash your risk of developing cancer, according to researchers.
Scientists used data from 94,778 people participating in the UK Biobank study – a huge biomedical database with the health information half a million Brits – collected between 2006 and 2010.
The study – published to BMC Medicine – looked at whether following seven recommendations put together by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) in 2018 affected the likelihood of participants developing cancer.
Here are the seven lifestyle habits the WCRF and AICR said could slash your risk of getting the disease.
1. Keep to a healthy weight range
The body mass index (BMI) is a measure used by the NHS to work out if your weight is healthy.
For most adults, an ideal BMI is in the 18.5 to 24.9 range.
If you want to calculate your BMI, you can use the healthy weight calculator.
2. Move more
It advised being moderately active for at least 150 minutes weekly by doing exercise such as brisk walking, cycling, gardening, dancing and doing household chores.
Or, you can do at least 75 minutes of vigorous activity like running, aerobics or sports like football and squash.
3. Eat better
It advised filling three quarters of your plate with these foods and the remaining fourth with lean meat, poultry or fish or plant-based protein like tofu.
This could mean eating breakfast foods like porridge with banana, lunches such as salmon and rice, and dinners of lentil stew.
4. Avoid high calorie and fast foods
The WCRF warned against eating fast foods or those that are high in fat, starches and sugar.
Experts said to be wary of:
Chocolate and sweets
Crisps
Biscuits
Cake
Ice cream
Fast food, like burgers, fried chicken or fries
Pastries
5. Limit red and processed meat
The WCRF advised having no more than three portions of red meat like beef, pork and lamb weekly – and cutting down more if possible – while avoiding processed meat almost entirely.
6. Ditch fizzy drinks
Sugar-sweetened drinks are another thing to avoid, according to the WCRF.
Instead, the foundation advised you opt for water, tea or coffee and natural fruit juice – but only one of these daily.
It added that large quantities of artificially sweetened drinks should be avoided too.
7. Stay away from booze
According to the WCRF, cutting down or avoiding drinking alcohol could reduce your risk of six types of cancer.
There is no safe amount of alcohol consumption, but the NHS at least puts a recommended limit at 14 units per week.